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Personalidad de Alan García
"Todo el mundo coincide en que Alan García tiene un ego colosal"
Un perfil psicológico elaborado por la Embajada de EE UU en Lima describe al presidente peruano como desconfiado y arrogante
JORGE MARIRRODRIGA - Madrid - 16/12/2010
Arrogante, desconfiado y con "un ego colosal". El estado emocional del presidente de Perú, Alan García, fue objeto de un demoledor informe enviado por la Embajada de Estados Unidos en Lima a petición de Washington pocos meses después de que el mandatario asumiera su cargo, en julio de 2006. En algo más de cinco folios de carácter secreto el entonces embajador, J. Curtis Struble, presenta además a García como un político con gran dominio de la escena y sentido de la teatralidad.
El embajador Struble se hace eco de los posibles "trastornos maníacos depresivos o desórdenes bipolares" del mandatario que, aunque sin confirmación, son objeto de rumores "ampliamente extendidos". Los contactos de la Embajada estadounidense que tienen acceso directo al presidente explican que ha sido siempre depresivo con tendencia a inesperados accesos de entusiasmo, hundimiento en el mal humor y abruptos cambios de opinión. "Se encierra en sí mismo y rechaza el contacto público durante días".
La salud emocional del dirigente
Los mismos informantes señalan que el presidente peruano se medica con litio, un antidepresivo, pero la Embajada se muestra cauta a este respecto y destaca que no dispone de informaciones que confirmen que tome medicación alguna. La mayoría de las especulaciones sobre la salud emocional de García surgieron en Perú durante la última etapa de su primer mandato presidencial (1985-1990), cuando como resultado de una situación política inestable y caótica en lo económico su índice de popularidad se desplomó.
El embajador de EE UU apunta que las personalidades pública y privada de García no concuerdan. "En público tiende a impresionar con la pose majestuosa presidencial, sacando pecho, con la cabeza alta y brazos y manos gesticulando en una formal y casi coreográfica manera de un líder", describe el diplomático. En cambio, en privado, García es informal, considerado y con encanto. "Un aspecto en torno al cual hay casi un acuerdo universal es que García tiene un ego colosal que le puede cegar ante los méritos o las buenas ideas y alternativas que vengan de otro que no sea él", recalca el mensaje, que incide: "El ego de García es su talón de Aquiles y podría tener consecuencias contraproducentes para el actual Gobierno, especialmente si no se vigila".
Temor a una persecución
El pasado de García marca su personalidad. "La persecución, tanto real como imaginaria, ha sido una parte integral de la vida del presidente", destaca el texto, que explica cómo su padre, Carlos García Ronceros, miembro fundador del APRA, fue encarcelado durante varios años y la citada formación política fue objeto de persecución durante las dictaduras militares. "El mismo García eligió dejar Perú cuando acabó su mandato en 1990 en parte por temor a una persecución". Tras un año en Colombia, García volvió a cambiar de país, esta vez con destino a Francia, persuadido de que el presidente, Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000), había enviado "secuaces para asesinarlo o secuestrarlo y traerlo de vuelta a Perú". Según los estadounidenses, estos hechos han provocado en García "una tendencia innata y exacerbada a retener información y limitarla estrictamente a un círculo íntimo de colaboradores". El texto considera verosímiles varios planes de secuestro contra el mandatario y uno de sus hijos descubiertos en 2006.
El documento recibido en Washington define al presidente peruano como "un maestro político" y añade que ha sobrevivido a todo tipo de vicisitudes y rivales, incluyendo a los de su propio partido, el APRA, "la más eficaz maquinaria política de Perú". En cualquier caso, los estadounidenses no creen que el presidente esté implicado en temas como amenazas violentas a sus rivales o comportamientos agresivos en su entorno personal. En términos elogiosos, el documento explica que García es un gran trabajador "que vive y respira política", que controla hasta los mínimos detalles y que es exigente con su equipo. "A costa de otras facetas de su vida trabaja hasta tarde", destaca Struble, quien añade que el presidente peruano prácticamente no sabe hacer nada más que ser político. "Ha escrito libros, pero la mayor parte de las críticas dan a entender que eso no es lo suyo".
"Pide lo imposible"
El problema de esta forma de trabajar radica en la exigencia de resultados a su entorno. "Encarga en público y sobre el terreno a importantes ministros tareas con distintas responsabilidades y cometidos". García, según el texto, espera que sus ministros adivinen y cumplan su voluntad en vez de generar una política de ideas o que le propongan soluciones alternativas. "Pide lo imposible".
A pesar de esto, Struble considera que el presidente peruano ha aprendido de su primer mandato (que terminó con un Perú convulsionado) y tiene una visión más pragmática. "Aparentemente, no tiene la ambición de cambiar el mundo, de reordenar las realidades políticas y económicas de acuerdo a una nueva 'visión' de Latinoamérica o de crear un nuevo socialismo o al hombre bolivariano". El informe concluye que el presidente peruano no muestra signos exteriores de volatilidad emocional y que cuando habla no parece ni lento ni apresurado -"es realmente un consumado orador"- ni da muestras de tener un discurso ilógico. Y añade que, en cualquier caso, esa presunta inestabilidad emocional no parece que le impida pensar y expresarse claramente. Como dato de futuro para la nueva etapa presidencial que entonces se abría -y que culminará el año próximo- destaca la simpatía que el presidente peruano siente por Colombia, desde que se exiliara en Bogotá en 1992 .
Struble fue sustituido en 2007 por Michael McKinley como embajador en Lima. Este último, en sus informes a Washington, describe a García como alguien bajo cuya presidencia Perú se ha vuelto "un socio fiable de EE UU que juega un papel constructivo en una complicada Sudamérica caracterizada por el resurgimiento del populismo y periódicos estallidos de tensión".
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Personalidad de Alan García
Cable sobre la personalidad del presidente peruano
El embajador de EE UU en Lima envía un informe secreto en 2006 en que que explica que Alan García sufre bruscos cambios de humor y que tiene un "ego colosal"
16/12/2010
ID: 88101
Date: 2006-12-04 22:44:00
Origin: 06LIMA4570
Source: Embassy Lima
Classification: SECRET
Dunno: 06STATE189857
Destination: VZCZCXYZ0004
RR RUEHWEB
DE RUEHPE #4570/01 3382244
ZNY SSSSS ZZH
R 042244Z DEC 06
FM AMEMBASSY LIMA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 3201
INFO RUEAIIA/CIA WASHDC
S E C R E T LIMA 004570
SIPDIS
SIPDIS
E.O. 12958: DECL: 12/04/2016
TAGS: PINR, PGOV, PE
SUBJECT: PERU: PRESIDENT GARCIA'S EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH
REF: STATE 189857
Classified By: Ambassador J Curtis Struble for reason 1.4(C).
1. (S) This message is in response to reftel request for
information on the emotional and physical health of President
Alan Garcia. Our responses are slugged to the questions in
reftel paragraphs. We do not always have first-hand
information on the questions asked, a fact reflected in some
of our answers below.
2. (S) Garcia's overall health appears to be good.
Notwithstanding a strenuous work schedule, he has clearly
gained weight over the past several months. This shows (both
in press photos and private meetings) in his slightly larger
jowls and a growing paunch. Reports of manic depression or
bipolar disorder are impossible to confirm, but rumors in
this connection are widespread. For example, many of our
contacts (with purported first-hand knowledge) say that
Garcia has always been moody, disposed to sudden flights of
enthusiasm, plunges of bad humor, and abrupt changes of mind.
Many of the more damaging rumors appear to have their
origins in the latter part of Garcia's first term, when his
popularity plummeted and the political and security
situations spiraled out of control. According to some
reports, in response Garcia at one point fell into a deep
funk, locked himself behind closed doors and refused public
contact of any kind for days on end. While that report
continues to hound him, there are no indications that it
responds to a long-standing or deep-set dimension of his
psychological or emotional makeup.
3. (S) We do not have the names and/or specialties of his
doctors.
4. (S) We have no direct information with respect to
medications taken by the president. A number of our contacts
have told us (as though it were an established fact) that
Garcia takes lithium for anti-depression (anti-bipolar
disorder) purposes, but we cannot confirm the veracity of
these reports.
5. (S) There is no evidence that Garcia suffers from alcohol
or drug abuse. We understand he does drink socially.
6. (S) Persecution, real as well as imagined, has been an
integral part of the president's life. Garcia's father, a
founding member of APRA, was imprisoned for several years for
his political activism. The APRA has been the object of
political persecution during Peru's recent era of military
dictatorships (1968-80), its activities as anti-regime
"democrats" curtailed. Garcia himself chose to leave Peru
after his first term ended in 1990, partly out of fears of
persecution. After one year of exile in Colombia, he fled to
France on hearing reports that he was being pursued by
Fujimori henchmen either for assassination or kidnapping back
to Peru. More recently, as president, Garcia and his son
have been the targets of alleged kidnapping plots. These
experiences have broadly shaped his personal and political
outlook, and exacerbated an innate tendency to keep
information "close-hold," strictly limited to an intimate
circle of advisors.
7. (S) A master politician, Garcia has survived and thrived
via the indirect threat, ably playing rivals against one
another and undermining, with cold calculation, the political
bases of potential competitors, including those within his
own party. Garcia's APRA party is also well known as the
most effective political machine in Peru, complete with goon
squads that are dispatched to do various kinds of dirty work
on behalf of its leaders. We have no information that he has
ever issued explicit violent threats or the like. While
there are widespread reports that he is a difficult,
demanding boss and a moody person, we have no information
that he is abusive toward advisors or family.
8. (S) According to most reports, Garcia has an extremely
heavy work load and regularly takes on too many tasks. As a
man who lives and breathes politics, at the expense of most
other dimensions of his life, he often works late. It could
almost be said that work is all he does. Moreover, he is a
pure politician in the sense that he has never done anything
but the work of candidate or president, and it is all he
knows how to do. (He has written books, but most critics
understand that is not his gift.)
9. (S) Garcia has the reputation of being an acute
micro-manager and very demanding on his staff, even tasking
senior ministers in public and on the spot with various
responsibilities and duties. In the sense that he often
expects Ministers to divine and carry out his will rather
than to generate policy ideas or propose alternative
solutions, he demands the impossible. As for lofty ideas, he
appears to have learned lessons from his first term, lowering
expectations and focusing on pragmatic programs rather than
on large romantic visions. For example, he has no apparent
ambition to change the world, re-order political and economic
realities according to a new "vision" for Latin America, or
create the new socialist specimen or Bolivarian man. The
signal programs of his second term so far -- Sierra
Exportadora, Agua Para Todos, the Decentralization Shock --
amount in many ways to recombining and repackaging diverse
existing tactical poverty reduction schemes (including
USAID's PRA -- Poverty Reduction and Alleviation -- project)
than to pursuing an overriding lofty ambition. At the same
time, most observers see Garcia's strengths as rhetorical
rather than administrative, in inspiring with impassioned and
even poetic oratory rather than in overseeing (prosaic)
projects slowly through their step by step implementation.
10. (S) Garcia's public and private persona are, in many
ways, at odds. In public, he tends to strike the majesterial
presidential pose, chest thrust forward, head held high, arms
and hands gesturing in the formal, almost choreographed
manner of the leader. He is also prone to giving long public
lectures, reflecting a know-it-all and superior tone. All
this comes across as pompous and inflated. By contrast, in
private Garcia is a more informal, disarming and even
considerate figure. He is courteous and deferential with
visitors, and an excellent listener, often probing
interlocutors for more detailed information. One aspect on
which there is near universal agreement is that Garcia has a
colossal ego, which can blind him to the merits of good ideas
and alternatives that he himself has not generated. To some
observers, while he is unlikely to repeat the mistakes that
brought Peru close to ruin during his first administration,
the ego is Garcia's Achilles' heel and could have
counterproductive consequences to the current government,
especially if unchecked.
11. (S) Garcia's attention span appears to be good, and his
listening skills are excellent. We have no information that
he has difficulty in concentrating, gets confused or is
forgetful. As noted above, there are widespread reports of a
certain emotional volatility, but it is not clear that this
impairs his ability to think or to express himself clearly.
12. (S) We have no information about any periods of intense
energy or activity, racing thoughts or incoherence. We have
not noted any tendency to shake, blink or roll his eyes.
13. (S) While there are widespread reports that Garcia fell
into a deep depression near the end of his first term (as
noted above), we have no information that that corresponds to
a deep-set emotional characteristic or that it has recurred
regularly since that time. We have no information about talk
of suicide.
14. (S) We have no information regarding any decreased need
for sleep or food. A truly gifted orator, he never sounds as
though his speech were hurried or pressured, nor does it
follow a notably illogical flow.
15. (S) We have no information about his exercise routine or
diet regimen, nor any dietary restrictions due to ongoing
medications.
16. (S) We have no information regarding any compulsive
overeating, shopping, gambling or the like. That said, as
noted above, Garcia has manifestly gained weight since being
in office and is likely a consequence of his eating amply and
well. There are widespread rumors of Garcia's numerous
extra-marital sexual liaisons. Recently, Garcia publicly
acknowledged one of them, with Ms. Elizabeth Roxanne
Cheesman, with whom he had a young child. While he publicly
claimed that this relationship occurred during the brief time
he was estranged from his wife Pilar Nores, some observers
have suggested that it was much more enduring than he had
publicly let on.
17. (S) In the interim between the end of his first
presidential term in 1990 and the current term, which began
in July of 2006, Garcia has spent time both abroad and in
Peru. After leaving office the first time, in 1992 Garcia
fled to a kind of quasi political exile in Bogota, Colombia,
where he remained for one year. (Garcia harbors a deep
sympathy for Colombia dating back to that time.) From there,
he fled to France, where he lived for the following eight
years. (From this period, Garcia speaks excellent French and
has a strong personal sympathy for French society and life.)
He returned to Peru in 2001, following Alberto Fujimori's
resignation from the presidency. He was formally separated
from his wife in 2004-5.
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